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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

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Published on: December 18, 2016

Dementia in the oldest old.

Zixuan Yang1, Melissa J Slavin, Perminder S Sachdev

  • 1Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

Nature Reviews. Neurology
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dementia affects a significant portion of individuals over 90, known as the oldest old. Research in this age group is crucial for understanding successful cognitive aging and dementia neuropathology.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuropathology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The population over 90 years old (the oldest old) is rapidly expanding.
  • Dementia significantly impacts this demographic, posing challenges for individuals and society.
  • Studying dementia in the oldest old is vital for service planning and identifying models of successful aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review population-based epidemiological studies on dementia and neuropathology in nonagenarians and centenarians.
  • To understand the age- and sex-specific profiles of dementia in very late life.
  • To explore the neuropathological underpinnings of cognitive function in extreme old age.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of population-based epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of data on dementia prevalence and neuropathology in individuals aged 90 and above.
  • Examination of neuropathological findings in both cognitively normal and impaired individuals.

Main Results:

  • Dementia in the oldest old presents an age- and sex-specific profile.
  • Multiple neuropathologies frequently co-occur in this population.
  • Significant overlap in neuropathology exists between cognitively normal and impaired individuals, despite data collection challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Dementia in the oldest old is characterized by a complex interplay of various neuropathological mechanisms.
  • Risk and protective factors for dementia interact with genetics and lifestyle in exceptional cognitive aging.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the multifactorial nature of dementia in extreme old age.