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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Meningococcal group B vaccines.

Jamie Findlow1

  • 1Deputy Head of the Vaccine Evaluation Unit; Health Protection Agency; Public Health Laboratory Manchester; Manchester Royal Infirmary; Manchester, UK.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Meningococcal B (MenB) disease is a significant health concern. A new four-component vaccine (4CMenB) shows promise for preventing MenB infections, offering protection against currently unpreventable strains.

Keywords:
Meningococcal diseasemeningococcal group Bvaccine,

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Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

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Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
05:55

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Published on: May 7, 2020

Area of Science:

  • * Infectious Diseases
  • * Vaccinology
  • * Microbiology

Background:

  • * Meningococcal disease poses a substantial public health threat with high morbidity and mortality.
  • * Following successful vaccination against serogroup C, meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) now accounts for over 80% of cases in the UK.
  • * Traditional MenB conjugate vaccines are not immunogenic, necessitating alternative vaccine strategies targeting sub-capsular antigens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a novel four-component meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB).
  • * To assess the potential public health impact of 4CMenB in preventing MenB disease in the UK.

Main Methods:

  • * Clinical development and regulatory approval of the 4CMenB vaccine.
  • * Assessment of vaccine safety and immunogenicity in clinical trials.
  • * Epidemiological analysis to predict vaccine effectiveness against circulating MenB strains in England and Wales.

Main Results:

  • * The 4CMenB vaccine has been approved by the European Medicines Agency.
  • * The vaccine has demonstrated a favorable safety profile and is immunogenic.
  • * Predictions indicate 4CMenB could offer protection against approximately 73% of MenB disease cases in England and Wales.

Conclusions:

  • * The 4CMenB vaccine represents a significant advancement in combating MenB disease.
  • * Implementation into the UK infant immunization schedule is under consideration.
  • * 4CMenB has the potential to protect against a substantial proportion of currently unpreventable MenB infections.