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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis.

Matthijs C Brouwer1, Peter McIntyre, Kameshwar Prasad

  • 1Department of Neurology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|June 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Corticosteroids reduced hearing loss and neurological sequelae in bacterial meningitis patients but did not significantly lower overall mortality. Benefits were observed in high-income countries, particularly for certain bacterial types.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Bacterial meningitis outcomes are linked to subarachnoid space inflammation.
  • Corticosteroids are known to mitigate inflammatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy versus placebo in treating acute bacterial meningitis.
  • Assessed impact on mortality, hearing loss, and neurological sequelae across all age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • Searched multiple databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and LILACS.
  • Performed subgroup analyses based on age, causative organisms, country income, and study quality.

Main Results:

  • Corticosteroids showed a non-significant reduction in overall mortality (17.8% vs 19.9%).
  • Significantly reduced severe hearing loss (RR 0.67), any hearing loss (RR 0.74), and neurological sequelae (RR 0.83).
  • Benefits, including reduced hearing loss and sequelae, were prominent in high-income countries and for Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis.

Conclusions:

  • Corticosteroids significantly improve hearing and neurological outcomes in bacterial meningitis.
  • Overall mortality reduction was not statistically significant.
  • Therapeutic benefit is supported in high-income countries; no benefit observed in low-income countries.