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Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal centroidal axes. The...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy

Published on: February 17, 2023

Constitutional varus does not affect joint line orientation in the coronal plane.

Jan M K Victor¹, David Bassens, Johan Bellemans

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Gent, 9000, Belgium, jan.victor@ugent.be.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

|June 5, 2013

Summary

Constitutional varus alignment does not alter joint line orientation in healthy knees. However, advanced medial knee arthritis causes the joint line to diverge from a neutral position, impacting surgical decisions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy

Published on: February 17, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Biomechanical Analysis
Radiographic Imaging

Background:

Previous research identified constitutional varus in 25% of asymptomatic individuals.
The impact of constitutional varus on joint line orientation and arthritis progression requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine normal joint line orientation in the coronal plane.
To compare joint line orientation in individuals with constitutional varus versus neutral alignment.
To compare joint line orientation in prearthritic varus and established varus arthritis cohorts.

Main Methods:

Utilized full-leg standing hip-to-ankle radiographs in 248 healthy individuals and 532 arthritis patients.
Measured hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle and tibial joint line angle (TJLA) in the coronal plane.
Classified patients into varus (HKA ≤ -3°), neutral, and valgus (HKA ≥ 3°) groups.

Main Results:

Mean TJLA in healthy subjects was 0.3° (SD 2.0°).
TJLA remained parallel to the floor in healthy individuals with neutral alignment and constitutional varus.
Patients with symptomatic varus arthritis exhibited a medially opening TJLA (mean -1.9°, SD 3.5°).

Conclusions:

Constitutional varus does not influence joint line orientation.
Advanced medial knee arthritis leads to joint line divergence from the floor-parallel plane.
Findings inform osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty alignment strategies.