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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Published on: May 29, 2018

Local ordering in lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics.

Darren J Goossens1

  • 1Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra 0200, Australia.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|June 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemists seek lead-free ferroelectric materials due to lead

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Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Published on: March 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Lead-based ferroelectric materials, such as PZN, PMN, and PZT, are widely used but pose environmental risks due to lead toxicity.
  • The disposal of lead-containing devices presents significant environmental challenges.
  • There is a critical need for lead-free ferroic materials to replace existing lead-based compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the nature of local order in ferroelectric materials.
  • To understand how local structural ordering influences ferroelectric properties.
  • To guide the development of novel lead-free ferroelectric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of local ordering beyond conventional X-ray or neutron diffraction.
  • Utilizing single-crystal diffuse scattering as a definitive probe for local order.
  • Investigating the relationship between local crystal chemistry and macroscopic ferroelectric properties.

Main Results:

  • Local ordering, persisting at the nanometer scale, significantly impacts material properties, especially in relaxor ferroelectrics.
  • Short-range order (SRO) and disorder are crucial for explaining key ferroelectric behaviors.
  • Local order provides deeper insights into crystal chemistry's role in ferroelectricity compared to average structure.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding local order is key to designing new ferroelectric materials.
  • Focusing on local crystal chemistry offers a promising avenue for discovering lead-free alternatives.
  • Advanced scattering techniques are essential for characterizing local structural nuances.