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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

The Retina

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

[Representation and readout of object information in macaque higher visual cortex].

Naohisa Miyakawa¹, Isao Hasegawa

¹Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo

|June 6, 2013

Summary

Electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals from the anterior inferior temporal cortex show potential for decoding visual category information. This research explores ECoG

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

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Published on: August 1, 2018

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

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Published on: December 12, 2012

Long-Term Imaging of Identified Neural Populations using Microprisms in Freely Moving and Head-Fixed Animals

Long-Term Imaging of Identified Neural Populations using Microprisms in Freely Moving and Head-Fixed Animals

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Electrophysiology
Visual Cortex Research

Context:

Electrocorticogram (ECoG) is a brain activity recording technique gaining renewed interest for clinical and prosthetic applications.
Understanding the capabilities and limitations of ECoG is crucial for its advancement.
The anterior inferior temporal (IT) cortex is known for its role in visual category selectivity.

Purpose:

To investigate the potential of ECoG signals from the macaque anterior IT cortex for extracting visual category information.
To compare the efficacy of ECoG with single-unit activity (SUA) recording for decoding visual information.
To assess the utility of simultaneous ECoG and SUA recordings.

Summary:

Simultaneous ECoG and SUA recordings were conducted in the macaque anterior IT cortex.
The study compared the decoding of basic visual categories and fine-grained information from ECoG and SUA.
Preliminary results suggest ECoG signals from the IT cortex are a viable source for reading category information from visual input.

Impact:

Demonstrates the potential of ECoG as a tool for understanding visual processing and category representation in the brain.
Highlights the utility of simultaneous ECoG and SUA recordings for cross-modal validation.
Contributes to the development of advanced brain-computer interfaces and neuroprosthetics.