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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors01:13

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors

Peptic ulcers, often induced by H. pylori infections or NSAID usage, arise from disruptions in the delicate balance of gastric acid production. Peptic ulcers stem from heightened gastric acid levels due to H. pylori infections or NSAID use. The protective mucus layer diminishes in the presence of these factors, allowing gastric acid to erode the stomach lining and form ulcers.
Gastric acid, a potent cocktail of hydrogen and chloride ions, is produced in specialized parietal cells within the...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Complete and Partial Aortic Occlusion for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Shock in Swine
09:37

Complete and Partial Aortic Occlusion for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Shock in Swine

Published on: August 24, 2018

Chronic valproic acid intoxication.

Dror Weiner1, Vered Nir, Adi Klein-Kremer

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel.

Pediatric Emergency Care
|June 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic valproic acid intoxication can cause serious health issues in children. This case highlights the importance of monitoring for intoxication in pediatric epilepsy patients on long-term valproic acid therapy.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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09:37

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Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

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Published on: November 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Clinical Toxicology

Background:

  • Valproic acid is a common antiepileptic drug.
  • Chronic intoxication can lead to severe complications.

Observation:

  • A 7-year-old girl with epilepsy on valproic acid, sulthiame, and clonazepam presented with global deterioration.
  • Symptoms included poor feeding and decreased responsiveness over two months.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with chronic valproic acid intoxication.
  • This condition can manifest with neurological and systemic complications.

Implications:

  • Highlights the need for vigilant monitoring of valproic acid levels and potential toxicity in children.
  • Emphasizes prompt diagnosis and management of valproic acid intoxication to prevent severe outcomes.