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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations01:30

Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
13:10

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)

Published on: April 24, 2017

The human coronary collateral circulation: development and clinical importance.

Christian Seiler1, Michael Stoller, Bertram Pitt

  • 1Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland.

European Heart Journal
|June 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Coronary collateral circulation, crucial for heart health, protects against myocardial ischemia. Promoting collateral growth offers a vital treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) ineligible for revascularization.

Keywords:
AnastomosisAngiogenesisArteriogenesisCollateral circulationCoronary circulationVasculogenesis

More Related Videos

Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Rat Lung
07:36

Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Rat Lung

Published on: February 8, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
13:10

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)

Published on: April 24, 2017

Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Rat Lung
07:36

Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Rat Lung

Published on: February 8, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Coronary collaterals provide alternative blood supply to the heart muscle during ischemia.
  • Human coronary collateral circulation is notably well-developed compared to other species.
  • Preformed collaterals protect against ischemia in 20-25% of individuals without coronary artery disease (CAD), influenced by low heart rate and absence of hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and therapeutic potential of coronary collateral circulation in patients with CAD.
  • To explore arteriogenesis as a treatment strategy for CAD patients who cannot undergo revascularization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on coronary collateral function and determinants.
  • Analysis of the impact of collateral supply on myocardial infarct size and patient prognosis.
  • Identification of potential therapeutic approaches to promote collateral growth (arteriogenesis).

Main Results:

  • In patients with CAD, collateral arteries preventing ischemia during brief occlusion are found in about one-third of individuals.
  • Collateral flow sufficient to prevent ischemia is one-fifth to one-fourth of normal flow.
  • Myocardial infarct size is determined by occlusion time, area at risk, and inverse collateral supply.
  • Well-developed collaterals in CAD patients mitigate infarcts and improve survival.
  • Approximately 20% of CAD patients are not candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass grafting.

Conclusions:

  • Therapeutic promotion of collateral growth (arteriogenesis) is a valuable strategy for CAD patients ineligible for revascularization.
  • Arteriogenesis aims to enhance large, conductive collateral arteries.
  • Potential arteriogenic approaches include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, exercise training, and external counterpulsation.