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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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The Hall Effect01:30

The Hall Effect

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Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
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The spin Hall effect in a quantum gas.

M C Beeler1, R A Williams, K Jiménez-García

  • 1Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.

Nature
|June 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed the spin Hall effect in a quantum Bose gas, creating a spin transistor. This breakthrough uses spin-dependent forces to control particle flow, paving the way for new sensors and topological quantum devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • The spin Hall effect involves spin-dependent forces on flowing particles, analogous to the Hall effect but with opposite signs for different spin states.
  • Previous observations of the spin Hall effect were limited to electrons in specific materials and laser light in dielectric junctions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To observe the spin Hall effect in a quantum-degenerate Bose gas.
  • To utilize the spin Hall effect to create a cold-atom spin transistor.
  • To engineer and measure spin-dependent Lorentz forces in a quantum gas.

Main Methods:

  • Creating a quantum-degenerate Bose gas.
  • Engineering a spatially inhomogeneous spin-orbit coupling field.
  • Measuring spin-dependent Lorentz forces within the quantum gas.

Main Results:

  • Successful observation of the spin Hall effect in a quantum-degenerate Bose gas.
  • Demonstration of a functional 'atomtronic' spin transistor.
  • Experimental results for spin-dependent Lorentz forces show excellent agreement with theoretical calculations.

Conclusions:

  • The observed spin Hall effect in a Bose gas enables the creation of a velocity-insensitive adiabatic spin selector.
  • This work provides a foundation for engineering topological insulators and detecting quantized spin Hall effects in quantum gases.
  • The developed system serves as a laser-actuated analog to semiconductor spintronic devices.