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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
07:51

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Published on: June 17, 2025

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.

Surender Kashyap1, Prasanta R Mohapatra

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal, Haryana, India.

Lung India : Official Organ of Indian Chest Society
|June 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare lung disease caused by genetic mutations affecting phosphate transport. Diagnosis relies on imaging, with lung transplantation as the only current treatment.

Keywords:
Calcificationcalculimicrolithspulmonary alveolar microlithiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Genetics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare, chronic lung disease characterized by calcium and phosphate deposition in the lungs.
  • The exact etiology is unknown, but mutations in the SLC34A2 gene, affecting sodium-phosphate co-transport in alveolar type II cells, are implicated.
  • This genetic defect leads to impaired clearance and accumulation of calcium phosphate microliths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the key features of Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic role of imaging techniques.
  • To discuss the current understanding of its pathogenesis and treatment limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria using chest radiography and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT).
  • Discussion of the genetic basis and clinical presentation.

Main Results:

  • PAM presents with bilateral, diffuse intra-alveolar calcium and phosphate deposition, predominantly in the lower and mid lung zones.
  • HRCT reveals characteristic diffuse micronodules with perilobular predominance and calcified interlobular septa.
  • Patients often remain asymptomatic until hypoxemia and cor-pulmonale develop.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic mutations in SLC34A2 are strongly associated with PAM pathogenesis.
  • Chest radiography and HRCT are highly effective for diagnosis.
  • Currently, lung transplantation is the only potentially beneficial treatment for advanced PAM.