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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

Development of speech motor control: lip movement variability.

Susanne Schötz¹, Johan Frid, Anders Löfqvist

¹Humanities Laboratory, Center for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

|June 8, 2013

Summary

Speech motor control improves with age, showing reduced lip movement variability in phase and amplitude. These findings suggest developmental changes in speech production continue into adulthood.

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Area of Science:

Speech motor control
Linguistic phonetics
Developmental audiology

Background:

Lip movement variability is crucial for speech production.
Previous research indicated age-related changes in speech, but detailed analysis of lip movement variability across the lifespan is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate age-related variability in lip movement phase and amplitude during speech production.
To extend previous findings on speech motor control development in Swedish speakers.

Main Methods:

Utilized three-dimensional articulography to record lip movements in 50 Swedish speakers (ages 5-31).
Analyzed kinematic data from multiple repetitions of a Swedish phrase, focusing on phase and amplitude variability.
Applied functional data analysis to quantify movement variability after correcting for head motion.

Main Results:

Both phase and amplitude variability of lip movements decreased significantly with age.
Amplitude variability showed a greater reduction compared to phase variability.
No significant gender differences were observed in either variability index.

Conclusions:

Speech motor control, specifically lip movement precision, continues to develop and refine into the third decade of life.
Age-related improvements in speech production are evident in both the timing (phase) and extent (amplitude) of lip movements.
Findings highlight the prolonged maturation of the speech motor system beyond childhood.