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Related Concept Videos

Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String01:04

Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String

In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or the mass per unit length. This is simply called the linear density. If the string's linear density is constant along the string, then the linear density is simply the total mass divided by the total length.
The string's wave speed can be regulated by varying the linear density. Tension is the other property that determines the speed of...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea
09:54

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea

Published on: May 10, 2019

Auditory perception of note transitions in simulated complex bowing patterns.

Erwin Schoonderwaldt1, Matthias Demoucron, Eckart Altenmüller

  • 1Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Emmichplatz 1, 30175 Hanover, Germany. schoondw@gmail.com

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|June 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Violinists’ bow changes lag behind string crossings, a pattern explained by auditory-motor interaction. This coordination emerges from optimizing sound through real-time adjustments in virtual violin bowing simulations.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Music Performance Science
  • Auditory-Motor Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Motion-capture studies reveal consistent lagging of violin bow changes behind string crossings in fast bowing.
  • This coordination timing appears integral to observed violin bowing patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential perceptual explanations for the observed violin bowing coordination.
  • To explore the role of auditory-motor interaction in generating complex bowing gestures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a virtual violin simulation controlled by synthesized bowing gestures.
  • Developed a simplified coordination model for real-time control of complex bowing patterns.
  • Conducted a perceptual experiment where participants adjusted coordination parameters to optimize sound.

Main Results:

  • Resulting coordination patterns in the experiment mirrored those observed in human performers.
  • Participant adjustments indicated that auditory-motor feedback shapes bowing trajectories.
  • Analysis revealed temporal and spatial constraints influencing note transition gestures.

Conclusions:

  • Complex violin bowing trajectories significantly emerge from auditory-motor interaction.
  • The findings suggest perceptual factors play a crucial role in instrumental gesture control.
  • Raises questions about the interplay of auditory feedback and motor control in skilled performance.