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A Methodological Protocol and Considerations for Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation in Exploratory Clinical Human Studies

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Comparative study of standing wave reduction methods using random modulation for transcranial ultrasonication.

Hiroshi Furuhata¹, Osamu Saito

¹Medical Engineering Laboratory, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

|June 8, 2013

Summary

This study compared four methods for reducing harmful standing waves in transcranial sonotherapy. Random switching of inverse carriers (RSBIC) significantly minimized standing waves in both skull models and flat plates, enhancing safety.

Keywords:

Random modulation Skull Sonotherapy Standing wave Ultrasound

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Acoustic Physics
Medical Device Development

Background:

Transcranial sonotherapeutic technologies carry risks associated with skull standing waves.
Minimizing standing waves is crucial for the safety and efficacy of these treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To comparatively evaluate four distinct activation methods for their effectiveness in reducing standing waves.
To assess standing wave mitigation in both a flat reflective plate and a human skull model.

Main Methods:

Four activation methods were tested: sinusoidal (SIN), frequency modulation by noise (FMN), periodic selection of random frequency (PSRF), and random switching of both inverse carriers (RSBIC).
Standing waves were generated and visualized using the schlieren method.
Quantitative analysis involved measuring the standing wave ratio (RSW) on a flat plate and a human skull.

Main Results:

The random switching of both inverse carriers (RSBIC) method achieved the lowest minimum RSW (4% for the flat plate, 5% for the skull).
Sinusoidal (SIN) activation resulted in the highest RSW (36% for the plate, 25% for the skull).
FMN and PSRF methods showed intermediate reductions in RSW compared to SIN and RSBIC.

Conclusions:

The random switching of both inverse carriers (RSBIC) activation method is highly effective in minimizing standing waves during transcranial sonotherapy.
Findings suggest RSBIC has significant potential for developing safer therapeutic ultrasound equipment.
This research provides a basis for optimizing transcranial sonotherapy delivery systems.