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Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System
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Published on: October 1, 2019

The CCM3-GCKIII partnership.

Juan Zalvide1, Miguel Fidalgo, María Fraile

  • 1Department of Physiology and Centro Singular de Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, and the Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. juan.zalvide@usc.es.

Histology and Histopathology
|June 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mutations in the CCM3 gene cause cerebral cavernous malformations. This review details CCM3 protein complexes and their partnership with GCKIII kinases, proposing a model for kinase activation.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions
11:22

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions

Published on: January 30, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions linked to CCM3 gene mutations.
  • Understanding CCM3 protein function and regulation is crucial for CCM pathogenesis.
  • CCM3 protein complexes and their molecular interactions require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on CCM3 protein complexes.
  • To explore the partnership between CCM3 and GCKIII kinases.
  • To propose a model for GCKIII kinase activation involving CCM3.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CCM3 protein interactions.
  • Analysis of CCM3 protein complex composition.
  • Functional analysis of CCM3-GCKIII kinase interactions.

Main Results:

  • CCM3 forms distinct protein complexes.
  • GCKIII kinases are identified as key CCM3 partners.
  • Functional consequences of the CCM3-GCKIII partnership are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • CCM3 plays a significant role in vascular lesion development.
  • The CCM3-GCKIII kinase interaction is critical for CCM3 function.
  • A putative model for GCKIII kinase activation by CCM3 is proposed.