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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Superconductivity and the pseudogap in the two-dimensional Hubbard model.

Emanuel Gull¹, Olivier Parcollet, Andrew J Millis

¹Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|June 11, 2013

Summary

New numerical methods reveal superconductivity in the Hubbard model near Mott insulators. Superconductivity emerges from a pseudogap, with optimal properties at its onset, mirroring copper-oxide superconductor behavior.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Computational Physics

Background:

The Hubbard model describes strongly correlated electrons, crucial for understanding complex materials.
Identifying superconducting phases within this model is key to materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

To explicitly construct and characterize the superconducting state in the Hubbard model.
To investigate the relationship between superconductivity, pseudogap, and Mott insulating phases.

Main Methods:

Employed recently developed numerical methods for explicit construction.
Analyzed parameter regimes exhibiting pseudogap and Mott insulating phases.

Main Results:

Discovered d(x^2-y^2) symmetry superconductivity adjacent to the Mott insulator.
Found superconductivity separated from the Mott insulator by a nonsuperconducting pseudogapped phase.
Observed maximal superconducting transition temperature and order parameter amplitude at the pseudogap onset.

Conclusions:

Superconductivity emerges from the normal-state pseudogap, causing a decrease in the excitation gap.
These findings align with the behavior observed in copper-oxide superconductors.