Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.
Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Injury Induces More Severe Biomechanical Changes in Middle-Aged and Geriatric Lumbar Spines in a Mouse Ex Vivo Model.

JOR spine·2025
Same author

Incidence of Liner Dissociation and All-Cause Revision With Uncemented Acetabular Components in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2025
Same author

Synthetic Lubrication of Bone Interfaces for Late-Stage Osteoarthritis Treatment.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2025
Same author

A Quantitative Model of Chemotherapeutic Drug Sensitivity as a Function of P-Glycoprotein Expression.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Programmable protein degraders enable selective knockdown of pathogenic β-catenin subpopulations <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Intranasal Vaccination with Recombinant TLR2-Active Outer Membrane Vesicles Containing Sequential M2e Epitopes Protects against Lethal Influenza a Challenge.

Vaccines·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications
09:22

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Published on: August 28, 2015

Protein release from dihydroxyacetone-based poly(carbonate ester) matrices.

Jennifer R Weiser1, Alice Yueh, David Putnam

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Acta Biomaterialia
|June 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New polycarbonate ester co-polymers offer controlled release of proteins. These materials show tunable degradation and maintain protein activity, suggesting potential for extended therapeutic delivery.

Keywords:
Bovine serum albuminControlled releaseDihydroxyacetoneLactic acidLysozyme

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
11:17

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

Published on: January 19, 2016

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications
09:22

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Published on: August 28, 2015

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
11:17

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

Published on: January 19, 2016

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Controlled release of therapeutics from polymer matrices is crucial for effective drug delivery.
  • Hydrolytic degradation of polymer matrices influences drug release kinetics and stability.
  • Polycarbonate esters offer potential for tunable degradation profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydrolytic degradation and protein release characteristics of novel polycarbonate ester co-polymers.
  • To evaluate the impact of co-polymer composition on protein release rates and stability.
  • To assess the suitability of these materials for extended protein delivery applications.

Main Methods:

  • Direct compression of polycarbonate ester discs composed of lactic acid and dihydroxyacetone.
  • Exploration of controlled release for bovine serum albumin and lysozyme at 5 and 10 wt.% loadings.
  • Monitoring of released lysozyme enzymatic activity to assess protein stability.
  • Kinetic modeling using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model to elucidate release mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • A first-order release pattern was observed for both model proteins.
  • Faster protein release correlated with higher dihydroxyacetone content in the co-polymer.
  • Released lysozyme maintained significant enzymatic activity, especially from co-polymers rich in dihydroxyacetone.
  • Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicated a complex release mechanism involving diffusion and erosion.

Conclusions:

  • Polycarbonate ester co-polymers demonstrate tunable hydrolytic degradation for controlled protein release.
  • These materials can preserve the enzymatic activity of released proteins.
  • The co-polymers show promise as effective matrices for extended protein therapeutic delivery.