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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Complement C4 maintains peripheral B-cell tolerance in a myeloid cell dependent manner.

Priyadarshini Chatterjee1, Amma F Agyemang1,2,3, Marat B Alimzhanov1

  • 1Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

European Journal of Immunology
|June 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Complement component C4 deficiency impairs B-cell selection, allowing self-reactive B cells to mature and form germinal centers (GCs). Myeloid cells are crucial for restoring proper B-cell selection.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityGerminal centerLupus nucleolar antigenNegative selection

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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
07:39

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • B-cell biology

Background:

  • Self-reactive B cells must be eliminated during development to prevent autoimmunity.
  • The mechanisms controlling the escape of self-reactive B cells from negative selection are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of complement component C4 in the selection and activation of self-reactive B cells.
  • To elucidate the pathway by which B cells encountering nucleolar self-antigens are selected.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a B-cell receptor (BCR) knock-in mouse model.
  • Employed mixed bone marrow (BM) chimeras to assess the role of the myeloid compartment.

Main Results:

  • Complement C4 deficiency led to a failure in eliminating autoreactive B-cell clones at the transitional stage.
  • Autoreactive B cells showed increased responses, follicular entry, and germinal center (GC) formation in C4-deficient mice.
  • The myeloid compartment was sufficient to restore negative selection in autoreactive mice.

Conclusions:

  • Complement C4 is essential for the proper elimination of autoreactive B cells.
  • Absence of C4 leads to chronic myeloid cell activation due to impaired apoptotic debris clearance, promoting self-reactive B-cell maturation and GC formation.