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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
09:12

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Published on: March 17, 2019

Adult rats treated with risperidone during development are hyperactive.

Mark E Bardgett1, Julie M Franks-Henry, Kristin R Colemire

  • 1Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Campus Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41076, USA. bardgettm@nku.edu

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
|June 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Early risperidone treatment in young rats permanently increased locomotor activity in adulthood. This antipsychotic drug may alter brain development and adult behaviors in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Risperidone is an antipsychotic used in children, but long-term effects of early exposure are unknown.
  • Animal studies show developmental risperidone increases dopamine receptor expression post-treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate long-term behavioral effects of early-life risperidone in rats.
  • To determine if risperidone alters locomotor activity and spatial learning in adult rats.

Main Methods:

  • Long-Evans rats received daily risperidone (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle from postnatal days 14-42.
  • Locomotor activity and spatial reversal learning were assessed in adulthood.

Main Results:

  • Early risperidone significantly reduced weight gain during development.
  • Increased locomotor activity was observed in adult rats treated early with risperidone, persisting for months.
  • Spatial reversal learning remained unaffected by early risperidone exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life risperidone administration permanently alters adult locomotor activity in rats.
  • Pediatric antipsychotic use may impact brain development and adult behavioral regulation.