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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats
04:38

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Published on: May 22, 2019

Post-stroke apathy: an exploratory longitudinal study.

Lara Caeiro1, José M Ferro, Teresa Pinho E Melo

  • 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. laracaeiro@fm.ul.pt

Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apathy in acute stroke is a reliable predictor of apathy one year later. Impaired verbal abstract reasoning also independently predicts apathy, impacting goal-directed activity, though quality of life remains unaffected.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats
04:38

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Published on: May 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Post-stroke apathy is a common motivational deficit affecting stroke survivors.
  • It is characterized by low initiative, difficulty with goal-directed activities, and emotional indifference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the relationship between apathy at 1 year post-stroke and various factors.
  • Investigated apathy in the acute phase, pre-stroke conditions, clinical features, and post-stroke outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Apathy was assessed using the Apathy Evaluation Scale in 76 stroke patients.
  • Evaluated post-stroke depression, cognitive impairment, functional outcome, quality of life, and health perception.

Main Results:

  • Apathy was present in 23.7% of patients at 1 year; 41% of acute apathetic patients remained apathetic.
  • Independent predictors for 1-year apathy included acute phase apathy (OR=3.8) and impaired verbal abstract reasoning (OR=7.03).
  • Apathetic patients showed worse functional outcomes but did not report lower quality of life or health.

Conclusions:

  • Apathy during the acute stroke phase reliably predicts long-term apathy.
  • Impaired verbal abstract reasoning is a significant independent factor for post-stroke apathy.
  • Despite functional deficits, apathy did not negatively impact perceived quality of life or health.