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Updated: May 10, 2026

Transvaginal Mesh Insertion in the Ovine Model
Published on: July 27, 2017
Pharmacokinetics of a multipurpose pod-intravaginal ring simultaneously delivering five drugs in an ovine model
John A Moss1, Amanda M Malone, Thomas J Smith
1Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Pasadena, California, USA.
Abstract:
Multipurpose technologies that simultaneously protect from sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy are urgently needed. Pod-intravaginal rings (IVRs) formulated with the antiretroviral agents (ARVs) tenofovir, nevirapine, and saquinavir and the contraceptives etonogestrel and estradiol were evaluated in sheep. Steady-state concentrations were maintained for 28 days with controlled, sustained delivery. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that pod IVRs can deliver three ARVs from different mechanistic classes and a progestin-estrogen combination over the wide range needed for putative preventative efficacy.
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