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Updated: May 10, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
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Dental implants from functionally graded materials.

Mehdi Mehrali1, Farid Seyed Shirazi, Mohammad Mehrali

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
|June 12, 2013
PubMed
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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) offer superior properties for dental implants, enhancing biocompatibility and osseointegration. This review details fabrication methods and challenges for FGMs in dental applications.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are heterogeneous composites with a continuous compositional gradient, leading to varying properties.
  • FGMs are increasingly recognized for biomedical applications, particularly in implants, due to their advantageous compositions.
  • Dental implants benefit from functional grading to optimize mechanical behavior, biocompatibility, and osseointegration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of biomaterials and manufacturing techniques for Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) in dental implants.
  • To summarize successful fabrication strategies and identify challenges in creating FGMs and porous FGMs for dental applications.
  • To bridge the gap between state-of-the-art FGM technology and clinical application for improved dental implant standards.
Keywords:
biomaterialsdental implantsfunctionally graded material (FGM)mechanical properties

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Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on FGM biomaterials and fabrication techniques.
  • Analysis of various manufacturing methods employed globally for FGM and porous FGM development.
  • Synthesis of information on challenges and successes in FGM fabrication for dental implants.

Main Results:

  • FGMs offer tailored properties for enhanced dental implant performance, including mechanical optimization and improved osseointegration.
  • Fabrication of FGMs and porous FGMs presents significant challenges compared to homogenous materials.
  • Successful strategies and ongoing obstacles in FGM and porous FGM manufacturing are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Functionally graded materials hold significant promise for advancing dental implant technology.
  • Overcoming fabrication challenges is crucial for the widespread clinical adoption of FGMs in dental implants.
  • Further research and development in FGM manufacturing can lead to improved patient outcomes and quality of life.