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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
07:20

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

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The inevitable journey to being.

Michael J Russell1, Wolfgang Nitschke, Elbert Branscomb

  • 1Planetary Science Section 3225, MS:183-301, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA. michael.j.russell@jpl.nasa.gov

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|June 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Life

Area of Science:

  • Origin of Life research
  • Geochemistry
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Life is a complex emergent system driven by energy.
  • Life's emergence is linked to geochemical processes and energy gradients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the emergence of life as a series of dynamic, energy-converting systems.
  • To identify the 'mother engine' and conditions necessary for life's origin.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of exothermic serpentinization as a key process.
  • Examination of chemical disequilibria at hydrothermal vents.
  • Identification of redox and pH gradients driving early metabolic processes.

Main Results:

  • Oceanic crust serpentinization is identified as life's 'mother engine'.
Keywords:
alkaline hydrothermalcarbon fixationdisequilibriaorigin of lifepyrophosphatase

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  • Submarine hydrothermal mounds provided mineral membranes for chemical disequilibria.
  • Redox gradients facilitated carbon fixation, and pH gradients drove energy currency formation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Life emerged from self-organizing systems driven by geochemical energy.
    • The origin of life involved the spontaneous formation of carbon-fixing and energy-generating engines.