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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in various...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by anesthetizing...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis
03:40

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis

Published on: December 20, 2024

Nonallergic rhinitis: therapeutic options.

Jonathan A Bernstein1

  • 1Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0563, USA. Jonathan.Bernstein@uc.edu

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|June 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) lacks a clear definition and understanding of its mechanisms, complicating treatment. Current management involves symptom-based selection of therapies until more targeted treatments are developed.

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Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Published on: September 22, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR), also termed idiopathic rhinitis, is a complex condition with no established consensus on its definition or underlying mechanisms.
  • Patients typically present with nasal congestion, postnasal drainage, and cough, with secondary symptoms including sneezing, itching, and rhinorrhea.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current classification methods for NAR.
  • To discuss the immunopathogenesis and proposed autonomic imbalance in NAR.
  • To explore evidence-based and anecdotal treatment strategies for NAR patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of classification systems for NAR.
  • Analysis of proposed immunopathogenic mechanisms, including autonomic nervous system involvement.
  • Evaluation of current therapeutic options based on scientific evidence and clinical experience.

Main Results:

  • NAR is a heterogeneous condition with varied classification approaches but no agreed-upon definition due to poorly understood mechanisms.
  • A leading hypothesis suggests NAR results from an autonomic imbalance, characterized by overactive parasympathetic and potentially underactive sympathetic nervous system activity.
  • Limited understanding of NAR's mechanisms has impeded the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is essential to elucidate the neurogenic signaling pathways implicated in NAR.
  • In the absence of targeted therapies, individualized treatment selection based on patient symptoms is crucial for managing NAR.