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Related Concept Videos

Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
Irrotational Flow01:28

Irrotational Flow

Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
Navier–Stokes Equations01:28

Navier–Stokes Equations

For incompressible Newtonian fluids, where density remains constant, stresses show a linear relationship with the deformation rate, defined by normal and shear stresses. Normal stresses depend on the pressure exerted on the fluid and the rate of deformation in specific directions, which determines how fluid flows under varying pressures. Shear stresses, on the other hand, act tangentially across fluid layers. They explain how adjacent fluid layers slide relative to one another, connecting...
Euler's Equations of Motion01:28

Euler's Equations of Motion

In fluid mechanics, shear stresses arise from viscosity, which represents a fluid's internal resistance to deformation. For low-viscosity fluids, like water, these stresses are minimal, simplifying flow analysis by allowing the fluid to be treated as inviscid, or frictionless. In an inviscid fluid, shear stresses are absent, leaving only normal stresses, which act perpendicularly to fluid elements. Notably, pressure — defined as the negative of the normal stress — remains uniform across...
Lift01:23

Lift

Lift is a fundamental aerodynamic force that acts perpendicular to the direction of airflow. It plays a central role in achieving and sustaining flight and in stabilizing various vehicles. Lift primarily originates from pressure differences created across surfaces, such as an airfoil. A lower pressure region forms above the wing, while a higher pressure region forms below it, generating an upward force. This differential results from the shape and orientation of the airfoil, enabling the wing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
06:42

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

Elasto-inertial turbulence.

Devranjan Samanta1, Yves Dubief, Markus Holzner

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Turbulence in complex fluids like paints is suppressed at high shear rates, replaced by elasto-inertial turbulence. This new phenomenon occurs at lower Reynolds numbers than traditional turbulence, impacting fluid dynamics.

Keywords:
elastic instabilitiesnon-Newtonian fluidspolymer drag reductiontransition to turbulence

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Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions
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Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions
11:51

Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions

Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Rheology
  • Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

Background:

  • Turbulence is a common phenomenon in nature, but its understanding is limited, especially for complex fluids.
  • Many industrially relevant fluids (e.g., blood, polymer melts, paints) are viscoelastic, exhibiting both elastic and viscous properties with nonlinear stress-strain relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior of turbulence in viscoelastic fluids at high shear rates.
  • To determine if turbulence is merely modified or fundamentally altered in complex fluids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a model system of viscoelastic fluids.
  • Applied high shear rates to observe fluid behavior.
  • Analyzed the resulting flow dynamics and compared them to Newtonian turbulence.

Main Results:

  • At high shear rates, turbulence is suppressed in viscoelastic fluids.
  • A novel flow regime, termed elasto-inertial turbulence, emerges.
  • Elasto-inertial turbulence occurs at significantly lower Reynolds numbers than Newtonian turbulence.
  • Observed friction scaling aligns with the maximum drag reduction asymptote.

Conclusions:

  • Turbulence in viscoelastic fluids at high shear rates is not simply modified but replaced by elasto-inertial turbulence.
  • Elasto-inertial turbulence represents a distinct dynamical state with unique properties.
  • The findings have implications for understanding and controlling fluid flow in various industrial applications involving complex fluids.