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Updated: May 10, 2026

Focused Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeting Brain Structures and Evaluating Chemogenetic Neuromodulation
Published on: December 22, 2020
[From shock therapies to new neuromodulation techniques]
Marion Plaze1, Marie-Odile Krebs
1Service hospitalo-universitaire de santé mentale et thérapeutique, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France. m.plaze@ch-sainte-anne.fr
Abstract:
The first shock therapies date back to 1933 with the Sakel therapy. Electric induction experiments led to electroconvulsive therapy first used by Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini in 1938. Today, transcranial magnetic stimulation offers new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of mental disorders. Similarly, deep brain stimulation techniques have been developed for the treatment of compulsive obsessive disorders and severe and treatment-resistant depression.
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