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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Diffusion of hydrogen fluoride in solid parahydrogen.

Hiroki Ooe1, Yuki Miyamoto, Susumu Kuma

  • 1Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|June 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Quantum diffusion of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in solid parahydrogen (pH2) was studied. Results suggest a novel quantum vacancy exchange mechanism governs HF diffusion at low temperatures.

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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

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Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects

Published on: January 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum mechanics
  • Chemical kinetics

Background:

  • Solid parahydrogen (pH2) is a quantum solid with unique properties at low temperatures.
  • Diffusion of impurities in quantum solids is crucial for understanding material behavior.
  • Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a simple molecule whose diffusion can probe quantum effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diffusion mechanism of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in solid parahydrogen (pH2) at approximately 4 K.
  • To determine the factors influencing HF diffusion rates, including temperature, concentration, and sample annealing.
  • To elucidate the underlying physical processes governing quantum diffusion in this system.

Main Methods:

  • Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to monitor HF monomer absorption over time.
  • Time-dependent spectral changes were analyzed to determine HF diffusion rates.
  • Experiments were conducted at varying temperatures, initial HF concentrations, and after sample annealing.

Main Results:

  • HF monomer absorption decayed over time due to dimerization, indicating diffusion-driven reaction.
  • Diffusion rates exhibited a non-Arrhenius temperature dependence, characteristic of quantum tunneling.
  • Diffusion was decelerated in condensed samples and accelerated in annealed samples, linked to sample periodicity.

Conclusions:

  • The observed diffusion is dominated by quantum tunneling, termed "quantum diffusion."
  • Sample periodicity, affected by impurities or defects, significantly influences quantum tunneling rates.
  • A hypothetical mechanism involving quantum-effect-driven vacancy exchange is proposed to explain the observed diffusion behavior.