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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages
09:09

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

Published on: April 11, 2025

Iodine deficiency, thyroid function and hearing deficit: a review.

Alida Melse-Boonstra1, Ian Mackenzie

  • 1Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Nutrition Research Reviews
|June 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism can impair hearing development and function, particularly during pregnancy. Further research and auditory screening in deficient areas are crucial for early detection and intervention.

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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages
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Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

Published on: April 11, 2025

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
04:05

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Iodine deficiency impacts millions of children globally.
  • The link between iodine deficiency, hypothyroidism, and auditory function is not well-understood.
  • Deaf-mutism is a known feature of cretinism, suggesting a connection to thyroid function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing scientific knowledge on the role of iodine and hypothyroidism in the auditory system.
  • To highlight the impact of thyroid hormones on ear development and hearing.
  • To identify research gaps and recommend future study directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of scientific literature on iodine, hypothyroidism, and auditory function.
  • Analysis of studies involving animal models of hypothyroidism.
  • Examination of human studies reporting auditory impairment in relation to thyroid status.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormones are essential for inner ear morphology and neurological processes underlying hearing.
  • Both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss are observed in hypothyroid animal models.
  • Auditory impairment, ranging from mild to severe, is frequently reported in humans with hypothyroidism, especially congenital forms.

Conclusions:

  • Congenital hypothyroidism and maternal iodine deficiency during early pregnancy pose risks to auditory development.
  • While evidence suggests an association between iodine deficiency and hearing loss, robust randomized controlled trials are lacking.
  • Auditory outcomes should be integrated into iodine supplementation studies, particularly those involving pregnant women, and auditory impairment should be assessed in iodine-deficient populations.