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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein01:42

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

Mitochondrial calcium uptake.

George S B Williams1, Liron Boyman, Aristide C Chikando

  • 1Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria

Keywords:
NCLXNCXSERCAinner mitochondrial membranemicrodomain

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Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
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Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

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Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy
08:43

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

Published on: January 24, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
05:53

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

Published on: May 1, 2018

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy
08:43

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

Published on: January 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Mitochondrial function
  • Calcium signaling

Background:

  • Mitochondrial calcium (Ca(2+)) uptake is crucial for cellular energy production and cell death.
  • Discrepancies exist regarding the speed and extent of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake.
  • The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is a key candidate for regulating this flux.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively analyze mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake fluxes across various tissues.
  • To interpret these fluxes in the context of the proposed MCU.
  • To clarify the role of mitochondria in buffering intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review and quantitative analysis of existing data on mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake.
  • Interpretation of data with respect to the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU).

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx via MCU is minor compared to other cellular Ca(2+) removal pathways under physiological conditions.
  • Single MCU channel conductance is approximately 6-7 pS, and its flux is regulated by intracellular Ca(2+) levels.
  • In cardiac, skeletal, and liver cells, mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake is modest under normal conditions.
  • Prolonged, superphysiological elevations in intracellular Ca(2+) can increase mitochondrial uptake significantly (10- to 1000-fold).

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondria do not serve as a significant dynamic buffer for cytosolic Ca(2+) under normal physiological conditions.
  • Despite this, mitochondria can influence intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics during sustained, high Ca(2+) events.
  • The MCU plays a role in regulating mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake, with its activity modulated by intracellular Ca(2+).