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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Optimized Ex-ovo Culturing of Chick Embryos to Advanced Stages of Development

Published on: January 24, 2015

Turtle embryos move to optimal thermal environments within the egg.

Bo Zhao¹, Teng Li, Richard Shine

¹Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.

Biology Letters

|June 14, 2013

Summary

Turtle embryos actively thermoregulate within eggs, moving to avoid extreme heat and seek optimal temperatures. This behavior mirrors that of post-hatching reptiles, suggesting early-life thermoregulatory strategies.

Keywords:

behavioural thermoregulation ectotherm embryo oviparity

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Area of Science:

Embryology
Herpetology
Behavioral Ecology

Background:

Post-hatching reptiles exhibit active thermoregulation.
Turtle embryos can reposition within eggs to exploit thermal conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate if turtle embryos actively seek optimal thermal environments.
Determine if embryonic movement is active thermoregulation or passive repositioning.

Main Methods:

Experiments using emydid turtle (Chinemys reevesii) embryos.
Observed embryonic movement in response to thermal gradients.
Compared movement of live versus dead embryos.

Main Results:

Embryos actively avoid dangerously high temperatures by moving to cooler areas.
Live embryos demonstrate directed movement towards heat sources.
Dead embryos do not exhibit directed movement, indicating active behavior.

Conclusions:

Turtle embryos engage in active behavioral thermoregulation.
Embryonic thermoregulation is analogous to that of post-hatching ectotherms.
This suggests early development of thermoregulatory behaviors in reptiles.