Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADH₂ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...
The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein01:42

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons reduce...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The number of fundamental constants from a spacetime-based perspective.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Optimal global synchronization of partially forced Kuramoto oscillators.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2019
Same author

Symmetries and synchronization in multilayer random networks.

Physical review. E·2018
Same author

Optimal synchronization of Kuramoto oscillators: A dimensional reduction approach.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same author

Doughnut-shaped soap bubbles.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2015
Same author

Explosive synchronization with partial degree-frequency correlation.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2015
Same journal

Mathematical Modeling Shows that Overall Infection Burden is Reduced More by Vaccines that Decrease Spread or Accelerate Recovery than those that Lower Severe Infections or Death.

Bulletin of mathematical biology·2026
Same journal

Effects of Seasonal Births and Predation on Disease Spread.

Bulletin of mathematical biology·2026
Same journal

Identifiability, Sensitivity, and Genetic Algorithms in Bacterial Biofilm Selection Models.

Bulletin of mathematical biology·2026
Same journal

Slow Evolution Towards Generalism in a Model of Variable Dietary Range.

Bulletin of mathematical biology·2026
Same journal

CBINN: Cancer Biology-Informed Neural Network for Unknown Parameter Estimation and Missing Physics Identification.

Bulletin of mathematical biology·2026
Same journal

A Cost-Sensitive Behavioral Modeling Analysis of the Early Identification and Control of Infectious Diseases.

Bulletin of mathematical biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
10:39

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography

Published on: September 14, 2014

Modeling the ATP production in mitochondria.

Alberto Saa1, Kellen M Siqueira

  • 1Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil. asaa@ime.unicamp.br

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
|June 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study refines a mathematical model of mitochondrial ATP production, correcting flux rate approximations. Enhanced equations maintain homeostasis, but high calcium and FBP concentrations slow the system

More Related Videos

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution
10:47

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution

Published on: May 5, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
10:39

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography

Published on: September 14, 2014

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution
10:47

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution

Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology
  • Mitochondrial Physiology

Background:

  • The Bertram, Pedersen, Luciani, and Sherman (BPLS) model simplifies mitochondrial ATP production.
  • Existing models face complexity, necessitating accurate approximations for flux rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and correct inaccuracies in the BPLS model's flux rate approximations.
  • To analyze the dynamical properties of the enhanced BPLS model.
  • To investigate the impact of calcium and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate on mitochondrial homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Revisiting and refining the BPLS mathematical model.
  • Introducing new approximations for adenine nucleotide translocator (JANT) and calcium uniporter (Juni) rates.
  • Conducting exhaustive numerical explorations of the model's dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The enhanced BPLS equations exhibit a unique attractor fixed point, indicating stable homeostasis.
  • Mitochondrial variables show dependence on cytosolic calcium (Cac) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) concentrations.
  • A novel nonstationary effect reveals increased response times at high Cac and/or FBP levels.

Conclusions:

  • The refined BPLS model accurately represents mitochondrial homeostasis.
  • High concentrations of calcium and FBP can significantly delay the attainment of steady-state.
  • This finding has potential physiological implications for cellular energy regulation.