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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells
13:58

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Published on: October 22, 2012

Antigen experience shapes phenotype and function of memory Th1 cells.

Aaruni Khanolkar1, Matthew A Williams, John T Harty

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.

Plos One
|June 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Repeated antigen exposure shapes memory CD4 T cells. Secondary memory Th1 cells enhance antibody production, offering insights for prime-boost vaccine strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Memory CD8 T cells show distinct responses to antigen stimulation, but memory CD4 T cell responses are less understood.
  • Repeated antigen stimulation's impact on memory CD4 T cells remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize primary and secondary antigen-specific Th1 CD4 T cell responses.
  • To investigate the impact of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunizations on memory CD4 T cell phenotype and function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models with LCMV and Listeria monocytogenes infections.
  • Analyzed antigen-specific Th1 CD4 T cell responses, including phenotype (CD62L, CCR7, CD27, CD127) and function (cytokine production: IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2).

Main Results:

  • Primary memory CD4 T cells exhibit a CD62L(lo)CCR7(hi) CD27(hi) CD127(hi) phenotype and are polyfunctional.
  • Homologous prime-boost immunization led to pathogen-specific differences in CD62L/CCR7 upregulation and IL-2+IFNγ co-production.
  • Heterologous prime-boost immunization induced plasticity, with secondary cells adopting characteristics of the boosting agent.
  • Secondary memory Th1 cells accelerated neutralizing antibody formation in response to LCMV infection.

Conclusions:

  • Memory CD4 T cell responses are shaped by the nature and timing of antigen exposure.
  • Secondary memory Th1 cells possess enhanced capacity to support antibody production.
  • Findings have significant implications for designing effective prime-boost vaccination strategies to improve Th1 cell-mediated immunity.