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Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Epistaxis

Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

Published on: January 21, 2018

Rhinosinusitis in children.

Sukhbir K Shahid¹

¹Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Shahid Clinic and Hospital, Maharashtra, Mumbai 400 077, India.

ISRN Otolaryngology

|June 14, 2013

Summary

Rhinosinusitis, an inflammation of the nasal and sinus passages, significantly impacts children's lives. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including flexible fiberoptic endoscopy, are crucial for managing chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in children.

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Pediatric Medicine
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Rhinosinusitis involves inflammation of nasal and sinus mucous membranes.
Acute rhinosinusitis complicates 5-13% of pediatric upper respiratory infections.
Untreated acute rhinosinusitis can progress to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), often involving multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the impact of rhinosinusitis on children's well-being and academic performance.
To emphasize the diagnostic challenges and management complexities of CRS in pediatric populations.
To underscore the role of flexible fiberoptic endoscopy in improving CRS management.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on pediatric rhinosinusitis and CRS.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

Published on: January 21, 2018

Murine Nasal Lavage Fluid Collection without Blood Contamination

Murine Nasal Lavage Fluid Collection without Blood Contamination

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Discussion of diagnostic criteria and challenges in children.

Exploration of flexible fiberoptic endoscopy's utility in pediatric CRS.

Main Results:

Rhinosinusitis significantly affects children's school performance and sleep.
CRS in children is frequently underdiagnosed, leading to increased morbidity.
Flexible fiberoptic endoscopy offers improved diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for pediatric CRS.

Conclusions:

Optimal management of pediatric CRS requires accurate diagnosis and targeted antimicrobial therapy.
Addressing underlying causes is essential for restoring sinus anatomy and mucociliary function.
Flexible fiberoptic endoscopy is a valuable tool for revolutionizing pediatric CRS management.