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Related Concept Videos

Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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Neurotransmitters01:30

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Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be cholinergic or adrenergic depending on the neurotransmitters synthesized. Cholinergic neurons use acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. This includes all the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and pre- and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition, neurons of the somatic nervous system also use...
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Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
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Nonclassical progesterone signalling molecules in the nervous system.

S L Petersen1, K A Intlekofer, P J Moura-Conlon

  • 1Veterinary and Animal Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.

Journal of Neuroendocrinology
|June 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Progesterone (P4) impacts brain function via classical and novel receptors. This review details nonclassical progesterone receptors, including PAQR and Pgrmc families, and their diverse signaling pathways.

Keywords:
25DXPAQRPGRPGRMC1mPR

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroprotection

Background:

  • Progesterone (P4) is an ovarian hormone crucial for cognitive, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and neuroprotective functions.
  • Neural effects of P4 were historically attributed to the classical progestin receptor (PGR) via genomic and nongenomic actions.
  • Recent discoveries reveal two new families of P4 signaling molecules: the PAQR family (mPRs) and the b5-like protein family (Pgrmcs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structures, neuroanatomical localization, and signaling mechanisms of nonclassical P4 receptors.
  • To illustrate P4 receptor diversity using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulation as a case study.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on P4 receptor research.
  • Analysis of structural, localization, and signaling data for PAQR and Pgrmc families.
  • Examination of GnRH regulation as an example of P4 receptor action.

Main Results:

  • Identified the class II PAQR family (PAQR5-9, mPRs) and the b5-like protein family (Pgrmc1, Pgrmc2, neudesin, neuferricin) as nonclassical P4 receptors.
  • Described the distinct structures, neuroanatomical distribution, and signaling pathways of these novel receptors.
  • Highlighted that GnRH regulation is influenced by multiple P4 receptors acting through different mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Progesterone (P4) exerts its diverse neural functions through a broader array of receptors than previously understood.
  • The PAQR and Pgrmc families represent key nonclassical P4 signaling pathways with significant roles in neurobiology.
  • Understanding these multiple P4 receptors and their distinct mechanisms is essential for comprehending P4's complex physiological roles.