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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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Novel pneumoviruses (PnVs): Evolution and inflammatory pathology.

Stephanie F Glineur1, Randall W Renshaw, Caroline M Percopo

  • 1Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1883, USA.

Virology
|June 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study characterizes new canine pneumovirus (PnV) isolates, revealing distinct G/glycoprotein sequences and varied immune responses in mice. Phylogenetic analysis suggests PnV groups A and B, with differing cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment.

Keywords:
ChemokineInflammationNeutrophilType I interferon

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Published on: January 17, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Comparative Pathology
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • A novel canine pneumovirus (PnV) shows homology to the rodent pathogen pneumonia virus of mice (PVM).
  • Previous studies indicated PnV replicates in mice but causes less mortality than PVM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the phylogeny of 10 new PnV isolates.
  • To investigate the physiological responses of mice to these new PnV isolates.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of G/glycoprotein sequences.
  • Assessment of cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment in mouse lungs.
  • Analysis of G/glycoprotein and F/fusion protein sequence pairs for positive selection.

Main Results:

  • PnV G/glycoprotein sequences exhibit elongated amino-termini compared to PVMs, suggesting division into groups A and B.
  • Significant differences in cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment were observed between group A and group B PnV isolates in BALB/c mice.
  • No evidence of positive selection (dN > dS) was found in the G/glycoprotein or F/fusion protein sequences among PnV, PVM/PnV, or PVM/PVM pairs.

Conclusions:

  • New canine pneumovirus isolates possess distinct genetic features and elicit differential host immune responses in mice.
  • The findings support the classification of PnVs into at least two groups based on G/glycoprotein characteristics.
  • Evolutionary analysis indicates a lack of positive selection in key viral proteins, suggesting conserved evolutionary pressures.