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Related Concept Videos

Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
09:36

Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples

Published on: July 2, 2016

Viral categorization and discovery in human circulation by transcriptome sequencing.

Weihua Wang1, Xiaoan Zhang, Yanjuan Xu

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|June 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored human serum RNA for viral discovery, overcoming concerns about RNA degradation. This method uses transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics for potential clinical applications in identifying viral causes of disease.

Keywords:
Multiple displacement amplificationNext-generation sequencingViral discovery

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Virology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Serum is an accessible patient specimen.
  • RNA in serum is underexplored due to degradation concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the use of human serum RNA for viral categorization and discovery.
  • To demonstrate the utility of an integrated bioinformatic approach for viral identification.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome sequencing of human serum RNA.
  • Analysis using curated databases and advanced bioinformatic tools.

Main Results:

  • Successfully utilized human serum RNA for viral categorization.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of viral discovery using this approach.

Conclusions:

  • Human serum RNA can be effectively used for viral identification.
  • This integrated approach has potential clinical applications for diagnosing viral diseases.