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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis
06:23

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis

Published on: May 23, 2021

[Spondyloarthritides: current perspective on diagnosis and classification].

L Procházková1, P Němec, M Souček

  • 1Revmatologicka ambulance II. Interni Kliniky Lekarske fakulty MU a FN u sv. Anny Brno. leona.prochazkova@fnusa.cz

Vnitrni Lekarstvi
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Spondyloarthritides (SpA) are chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the axial skeleton, joints, and entheses. Diagnosis involves recognizing articular and extra-articular manifestations, HLA B27 positivity, and comorbidities like cardiovascular disease.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis
06:23

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis

Published on: May 23, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Spondyloarthritides (SpA) represent a diverse spectrum of chronic inflammatory conditions.
  • These diseases share characteristic clinical features and an underlying genetic predisposition.
  • SpA primarily targets the axial skeleton, particularly the sacroiliac joint, but also affects peripheral joints and entheses.

Purpose:

  • To delineate the classification criteria for axial and peripheral SpA based on skeletal involvement.
  • To highlight the significance of extra-articular manifestations as diagnostic clues and early symptoms.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic utility of HLA B27 antigen positivity and family history.

Summary:

  • SpA encompasses axial and peripheral subtypes, distinguished by the primary site of skeletal affection.
  • Key extra-articular manifestations include anterior uveitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and psoriasis.
  • Diagnostic aids include HLA B27 testing and family history, alongside recognition of common comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy through comprehensive assessment of articular, extra-articular, and genetic factors.
  • Enhanced understanding of SpA heterogeneity and its clinical spectrum.
  • Recognition of comorbidities like cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis as integral components of SpA management.