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Related Concept Videos

Biofilms01:29

Biofilms

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay
10:00

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay

Published on: May 5, 2016

Staphylococcus aureus biofilms decrease osteoblast viability, inhibits osteogenic differentiation, and increases bone

Carlos J Sanchez1, Catherine L Ward, Desiree R Romano

  • 1Department of Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft, Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA. carlos.j.sanchez3@us.army.mil

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Staphylococcus aureus biofilms impair bone healing by reducing osteoblast function and promoting bone resorption. These findings reveal how biofilms contribute to bone loss in chronic osteomyelitis.

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Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
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Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay
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Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
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Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Bone Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection often leading to chronic disease and treatment failure.
  • Bacterial biofilms, prevalent in chronic infections, are implicated in disease progression.
  • The impact of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on osteoblasts remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on osteoblast viability.
  • To assess the impact of biofilms on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
  • To determine the influence of biofilms on the expression of factors regulating bone resorption, such as RANK-L.

Main Methods:

  • Osteoblasts were exposed to biofilm-conditioned media (BCM) from clinical S. aureus isolates.
  • Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using live/dead assays and flow cytometry.
  • Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • BCM significantly reduced osteoblast viability and increased apoptosis.
  • Osteogenic differentiation was inhibited, evidenced by decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition.
  • Exposure to BCM upregulated RANK-L expression and increased the RANK-L/OPG ratio in osteoblasts.

Conclusions:

  • Soluble factors from S. aureus biofilms impair osteoblast viability and osteogenic potential, hindering new bone growth.
  • Biofilms promote bone resorption by increasing osteoblast RANK-L expression.
  • These findings elucidate the pathogenic role of staphylococcal biofilms in osteomyelitis-associated bone loss.