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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution01:09

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The one-compartment open model is a simplified approach used in pharmacokinetics to understand the distribution and elimination of a drug administered through an intravenous bolus. This model assumes rapid drug dispersal throughout the body and elimination using a first-order process. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the elimination rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd), can be estimated from this model. The elimination rate is calculated from...
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Physiological and compartmental models are valuable tools used in studying biological systems. These models rely on differential equations to maintain mass balance within the system, ensuring an accurate representation of the dynamic processes at play.
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Drug transporters are critical in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes. They should be included in physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which help predict human drug disposition. However, predicting this is challenging during drug development, especially when liver transport is involved. However, with a realistic representation of body transport processes, an accurate model may be possible.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mechanically Ventilated Piglets
07:41

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Published on: September 13, 2022

Estimating tulathromycin withdrawal time in pigs using a physiologically based pharmacokinetics model.

F Yang1, X H Huang, G H Li

  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China.

Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new physiologically based pharmacokinetics model accurately predicts tulathromycin levels in swine tissues. This model determined a 21-day withdrawal time for tulathromycin in pigs after a single injection.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism
  • Veterinary pharmacology
  • Food safety modeling

Background:

  • Tulathromycin is widely used in swine for respiratory disease treatment.
  • Accurate withdrawal times are crucial for ensuring food safety and preventing violative residues.
  • Existing pharmacokinetic data may not fully capture tissue-specific concentrations and elimination rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model for tulathromycin in edible swine tissues.
  • To predict tissue-specific tulathromycin concentrations and determine appropriate withdrawal times.
  • To provide a tool for risk assessment and regulatory decision-making regarding tulathromycin use in swine.

Main Methods:

  • A PBPK model was constructed using literature-derived physiological parameters (tissue volumes, plasma flows).
  • Tissue/plasma partition coefficients were calculated using the area method.
  • The model's predictive performance was validated by comparing predicted concentrations with observed data.
  • Withdrawal times were predicted for various edible swine tissues.

Main Results:

  • The PBPK model demonstrated accurate predictions of observed tulathromycin concentrations across all evaluated tissues.
  • The longest predicted withdrawal times were observed at the injection site (21 days), followed by skin/fat (19 days), kidney (10 days), lung (6 days), liver (4 days), and muscle (1 day).
  • A single intramuscular injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight resulted in a predicted 21-day withdrawal time for tulathromycin in swine.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PBPK model is a reliable tool for predicting tulathromycin pharmacokinetics in swine.
  • The predicted withdrawal times, particularly the 21-day period for the injection site, are critical for safe meat consumption.
  • This study provides valuable data for optimizing tulathromycin dosing and withdrawal strategies in veterinary medicine and ensuring food safety.