Practical and critical instruction for nonhuman primate diabetic models

Diabetes mellitus, a disease of metabolic dysregulation, is characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia resulting from progressive loss of insulin secretion or action. The potential of nonhuman primate (NHP) models in diabetes research has been well understood. NHPs have long been regarded as the "gold standard" for preclinical studies. However, there are persistent, severe obstacles to the development and application of these models. At present, a consensus for standardized strategies of diabetic induction has not been achieved. The different modeling methods of diabetes has led to various characterizations of the pathology of the disease; however, there are deficiencies of systemic evaluation programs for nonhuman primate diabetes models. In this scenario, experimental systemic programs provide the highly required guidelines for NHP diabetic models. Moreover, given the expensive and relatively small population of primates and the fatal diabetic complications, it is imperative to carefully manage the care and use of these animals in biomedical research studies. This article briefly reviews the technical and managerial aspects of NHP diabetes models providing practical and critical instruction on housing and care, routine management, development strategy, modeling diagnosis, evaluation, and disease control, as well as guidelines for model selection for various purposes. The present article sought to provide guidelines for NHP models of diabetes in their development and application. It is not intended to outline mandatory requirements for clinical accreditation.