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Updated: May 10, 2026

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

Published on: February 22, 2012

Evolution of the papillomaviridae.

Koenraad Van Doorslaer¹

¹DNA Tumor Virus Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 209892, USA.

|June 18, 2013

Summary

Papillomaviridae viruses infect most amniotes and over 240 types are sequenced. Their evolution involved niche specialization and co-speciation with hosts, shaping the papillomavirus phylogenetic tree.

Keywords:

Co-evolution Codon usage Evolution Mutation rate Niche adaptation Papillomaviridae Recombination

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Area of Science:

Virology
Evolutionary Biology
Genomics

Background:

Papillomaviridae viruses infect a wide range of amniotes, including mammals, birds, and reptiles.
Over 240 distinct papillomavirus types have had their complete genomic sequences characterized.
Understanding papillomavirus evolution is crucial due to their prevalence and diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the current understanding of papillomavirus evolution.
To explore the evolutionary mechanisms shaping the papillomavirus phylogenetic tree.
To review evidence on host-virus co-evolutionary patterns.

Main Methods:

Analysis of complete genomic sequences of over 240 papillomavirus types.
Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary relationships.
Review of existing literature on papillomavirus evolution and host interactions.

Main Results:

Papillomavirus evolution is influenced by diverse evolutionary mechanisms.
Evidence suggests ancestral papillomaviruses specialized in specific host ecological niches.
Subsequent co-speciation with host lineages has played a significant role in their diversification.

Conclusions:

Papillomavirus evolution is a complex process involving niche sorting and co-speciation.
Most amniotes likely harbor a diverse range of papillomavirus types.
Continued genomic analysis will further elucidate the evolutionary history of this virus family.