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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Traits, Mood, and Subjective Wellbeing01:22

Traits, Mood, and Subjective Wellbeing

Subjective well-being (SWB) refers to an individual's self-evaluation of their overall life satisfaction, happiness, and fulfillment. This multifaceted construct is typically assessed by analyzing the balance of positive and negative emotions alongside perceptions of life satisfaction. Personality traits such as neuroticism and extraversion are strongly associated with variations in SWB, offering critical insights into the underlying mechanisms of emotional well-being.
Neuroticism and Emotional...
Self-Esteem01:28

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...
Benefits of Self-Esteem01:25

Benefits of Self-Esteem

Self-esteem—an individual's overall evaluation of their worth—plays a complex role in psychological functioning and well-being. It is often associated with many positive traits, such as confidence, optimism, and perseverance. Individuals with high self-esteem typically experience better sleep, manage peer pressure more effectively, and report greater life satisfaction. Conversely, low self-esteem has been consistently linked with increased risks of depression, anxiety, and poor academic or...
Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback01:24

Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback

Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem: self-efficacy,...
Protecting Self-Esteem01:27

Protecting Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a central component of psychological well-being, is actively maintained through various cognitive and behavioral strategies. Individuals employ specific mechanisms to preserve a positive self-concept and mitigate threats to their self-worth, particularly in contexts involving social evaluation or personal feedback. Four primary techniques are commonly used to sustain self-esteem.Manipulating AppraisalsOne prominent strategy involves manipulating appraisals from others. Individuals...

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Related Experiment Videos

Assessing psychological well-being: self-report instruments for the NIH Toolbox.

John M Salsman1, Jin-Shei Lai, Hugh C Hendrie

  • 1Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 North Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA, j-salsman@northwestern.edu.

Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

New psychological well-being (PWB) measures were developed using item response theory (IRT). These validated scales precisely assess positive affect, life satisfaction, and meaning, aiding health research.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Health Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Psychological well-being (PWB) is crucial for physical and mental health.
  • Existing assessment tools may lack precision or flexibility.
  • The NIH Toolbox aimed to develop comprehensive neurological and behavioral function measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate self-report item banks and short forms for assessing PWB.
  • To create flexible, precise, and efficient measures for research.

Main Methods:

  • Item pools developed based on expert feedback and literature review for positive affect, life satisfaction, and meaning/purpose.
  • Items tested on a US adult internet panel (N=552).
  • Classical and item response theory (IRT) used for psychometric evaluation, including unidimensionality, item fit, and differential item function (DIF).

Main Results:

  • IRT-calibrated item banks created for positive affect (34 items), life satisfaction (16 items), and meaning and purpose (18 items).
  • Psychometric properties supported by factor analysis, fit statistics, and DIF evaluation.
  • High reliability (≥0.90) achieved for over 98% of participants.

Conclusions:

  • Developed adult scales and item banks for PWB offer flexibility, efficiency, and precision.
  • These measures will support future research on PWB's relationship with physical and mental health.
  • Validated PWB measures are essential for advancing epidemiological, observational, and intervention studies.