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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...
Unrealistic Optimism Bias01:30

Unrealistic Optimism Bias

Unrealistic optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. This cognitive bias makes individuals believe they are less likely to experience failures, setbacks, or risks and more likely to succeed than others. For example, people may assume they are less prone to health issues, accidents, or financial struggles than their peers, even when they share similar risk factors.One key component of this bias is the above-average effect, where individuals perceive...
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy01:24

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert Ellis's...
First Impression01:09

First Impression

First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

Orbitofrontal reality filtering.

Armin Schnider1

  • 1Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|June 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain uses the orbitofrontal cortex and reward system to distinguish current memories from past ones, ensuring actions align with present reality. This research sheds light on how we stay oriented and avoid confabulation.

Keywords:
confabulationscontinuous recognitionorbitofrontal cortexreality monitoringreward system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Extensive research has elucidated memory formation and its role in constructing our sense of past and future.
  • However, the neural mechanisms distinguishing presently actionable memories remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the brain determines if an evoked memory is relevant to the present moment and actionable.
  • To explore the neural basis of reality orientation, particularly in individuals exhibiting confabulation and disorientation.

Main Methods:

  • Studied patients with impaired reality orientation, including confabulation and disorientation.
  • Examined the role of the orbitofrontal cortex and reward system structures.

Main Results:

  • Findings suggest the brain utilizes the orbitofrontal cortex's extinction faculty.
  • Structures within the reward system are implicated in maintaining temporal and behavioral alignment with reality.

Conclusions:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex and reward system are crucial for grounding cognition and behavior in the present.
  • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into conditions characterized by reality distortion.