Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

HIV tri-specific killer engagers directly enhance NK cell function and safely expand NK cells in vivo.

Cell reports. Medicine·2026
Same author

Expansion of NKG2A<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells with regulatory signatures distinguish individuals living with HIV-2 from those with HIV-1.

Med (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

In vivo reprogramming of cytotoxic effector CD8 T cells via fractalkine-conjugated mRNA-LNPs.

Science immunology·2026
Same author

Modulation of pulmonary IL-21 expression during latent TB and M. tuberculosis/SIV coinfection.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

TGF-β mediates epigenetic control of innate antiviral responses and SIV reservoir size.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Post-treatment SIV control is associated with specific features of viral persistence before and after treatment interruption.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
06:46

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

HIV-associated chronic immune activation.

Mirko Paiardini1, Michaela Müller-Trutwin

  • 1Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. mirko.paiardini@emory.edu

Immunological Reviews
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic immune activation drives CD4(+) T-cell loss in HIV infection, persisting even with treatment. Understanding this link is key to developing new therapies for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

More Related Videos

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
06:46

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Systemic chronic immune activation is recognized as a primary driver of CD4(+) T-cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • Residual immune activation persists in HIV-infected individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy, correlating with ongoing CD4(+) T-cell loss.
  • The direct causal relationship between chronic immune activation and CD4(+) T-cell depletion has remained incompletely established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical perspective on the evolving understanding of immune activation's role in HIV pathogenesis.
  • To enumerate mechanisms underlying chronic immune activation in HIV infection and its proposed links to AIDS.
  • To explore insights from natural HIV-resistant hosts and discuss their implications for novel immunomodulatory interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical literature and current research on HIV-associated immune activation.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for chronic immune activation and its pathogenic effects.
  • Synthesis of findings from studies on natural hosts and their immune responses to HIV.

Main Results:

  • Chronic immune activation is a persistent feature of HIV infection, even under successful viral suppression.
  • Multiple mechanisms contribute to immune activation, and several pathways are proposed to link it to AIDS pathogenesis.
  • Studies of natural hosts offer valuable lessons for developing immune-based therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing chronic immune activation is crucial for halting CD4(+) T-cell loss and improving outcomes in HIV/AIDS.
  • Novel immunomodulatory interventions informed by natural host resistance are under investigation.
  • Future research should focus on effectively targeting chronic immune activation to combat HIV progression.