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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
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Retroviruses

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An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection
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An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Published on: October 6, 2015

HIV and co-infections.

Christina C Chang1, Megan Crane, Jingling Zhou

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Immunological Reviews
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This review examines five common opportunistic infections in HIV patients, their pathogenesis, and prevention strategies.

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Published on: August 15, 2012

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An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells
07:39

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Published on: August 15, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), still causes significant mortality, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Opportunistic co-infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV.
  • Five prevalent co-infections discussed are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and Plasmodium falciparum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunopathogenesis of five common opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients.
  • To analyze the impact of HIV-induced immune defects and cART on these co-infections.
  • To explore advances in prevention and identify future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on immunopathogenesis of HIV co-infections.
  • Analysis of natural history, immune responses, and immune restoration disease (IRD).
  • Examination of current and potential vaccination strategies.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of the interplay between HIV and five specific pathogens.
  • Discussion of how cART affects immune responses and the risk of IRD.
  • Identification of progress and challenges in preventing these co-infections.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the immunopathogenesis of HIV co-infections is crucial for improving patient outcomes.
  • Effective management requires considering HIV-specific immune defects and treatment effects.
  • Further research is needed to enhance prevention and treatment strategies, particularly through vaccination.