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Updated: May 10, 2026

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
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Reverse deterrence in racial profiling: increased transgressions by nonprofiled whites.

Amy A Hackney1, Jack Glaser

  • 1Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University.

Law and Human Behavior
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Racial profiling of Black individuals by authorities may increase illicit behavior, not deter it. White participants cheated more when Black individuals were profiled, suggesting counterproductive effects of such scrutiny.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Criminology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Racial profiling involves disproportionate scrutiny of minority groups by authorities.
  • The potential for a "reverse deterrent" effect on majority group behavior was unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if racial profiling of a minority group increases illicit behavior in the majority group.
  • To examine the impact of profiling on both profiled and non-profiled groups.

Main Methods:

  • A controlled experiment with White and Black participants completing a difficult anagram task.
  • Participants were exposed to conditions with Black individuals being profiled, White individuals being profiled, or no profiling.
  • Cheating behavior was measured as an indicator of illicit activity.

Main Results:

  • White participants cheated more when Black confederates were profiled compared to other conditions.
  • Black participants showed consistent cheating levels across all profiling conditions.
  • The profiling of Black individuals resulted in a net increase in cheating behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Racial profiling of minority groups may be counterproductive, leading to increased illicit behavior.
  • The scrutiny of one group can inadvertently incentivize misconduct in another.
  • Findings challenge traditional assumptions about the deterrent effects of profiling.