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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
09:16

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

Published on: May 3, 2014

Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation: extent, regulation and function.

Ran Elkon1, Alejandro P Ugalde, Reuven Agami

  • 1Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates diverse RNA isoforms by using multiple polyadenylation sites. This widespread process impacts RNA function, stability, and translation, influencing biological processes and diseases.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
09:16

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

Published on: May 3, 2014

Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line
08:16

Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line

Published on: January 12, 2024

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
08:35

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

Published on: June 24, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Most protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs undergo 3' end cleavage and polyadenylation.
  • A significant number of genes possess multiple polyadenylation sites, leading to alternative polyadenylation (APA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the polyadenylation process.
  • To summarize recent advancements in identifying APA events and their regulatory mechanisms.
  • To discuss the biological implications and disease relevance of APA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of polyadenylation mechanisms.
  • Analysis of methods for identifying alternative polyadenylation (APA) events.
  • Synthesis of research on APA regulation and its functional consequences.

Main Results:

  • Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a prevalent biological phenomenon.
  • APA generates transcript isoforms with distinct 3' ends, including variations in coding sequences and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs).
  • These isoforms can modulate RNA function, stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Alternative polyadenylation (APA) significantly contributes to transcriptome complexity and gene regulation.
  • Understanding APA mechanisms is crucial for comprehending gene expression regulation.
  • Dysregulation of APA is implicated in various biological processes and diseases.