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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Establishing epigenetic variation during genome reprogramming.

Filipe Borges1, Robert A Martienssen

  • 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA. fsborges@cshl.edu

RNA Biology
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic reprogramming in plants involves DNA methylation changes across generations. These changes, particularly in the germline, influence gene expression and heritable traits, impacting phenotypic variation.

Keywords:
ArabidopsisDNA methylationepiallelegermlinesmall RNAstransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Plant epigenetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance relies on DNA methylation for transposon silencing.
  • Epigenetic variation, arising from stochastic methylation changes in the germline, can lead to epialleles and phenotypic diversity.
  • In Arabidopsis thaliana, DNA methylation variation outpaces genetic mutation rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in plants.
  • To understand how DNA methylation states are regulated and maintained across generations.
  • To explore the role of germline methylation dynamics in epigenetic variation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana inbred lines.
  • Investigation of methylation states in the male germline and pollen vegetative nucleus.
  • Assessment of small RNA accumulation and its role in gene silencing.

Main Results:

  • Variable epialleles are pre-methylated in the male germline of Arabidopsis.
  • Demethylation occurs in the pollen vegetative nucleus, targeting these variable alleles.
  • Small RNA accumulation reinforces transcriptional gene silencing in gametes.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming in plants involves dynamic DNA methylation changes in the germline.
  • Mechanisms regulating demethylation and small RNA pathways are crucial for epigenetic inheritance.
  • Understanding these processes is key to deciphering the stability of epigenetic states across plant generations.