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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line
08:07

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

Published on: February 17, 2016

Recent issues in herpes simplex encephalitis.

Peter G E Kennedy1, Israel Steiner

  • 1Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Peter.Kennedy@glasgow.ac.uk

Journal of Neurovirology
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe brain infection. Early acyclovir treatment is crucial, as delayed therapy significantly increases mortality and morbidity from this HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection.

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A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation
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A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a critical cause of sporadic encephalitis.
  • Caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, HSE can lead to severe neurological deficits or death.
  • Delayed acyclovir initiation worsens patient outcomes, with up to a third experiencing mortality or significant morbidity even with treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current management guidelines for HSE.
  • To discuss contentious issues in HSE management, including diagnostic timing and therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recently published management guidelines for HSE.
  • Discussion of key clinical management controversies.

Main Results:

  • Delayed acyclovir therapy (beyond 2 days) is associated with poor prognosis.
  • Optimal timing and frequency for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PCR testing for HSV detection are debated.
  • The role and efficacy of corticosteroids in HSE management require further clarification.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and initiation of acyclovir therapy are paramount for improving HSE outcomes.
  • Further research and consensus are needed on diagnostic strategies and adjunctive treatments like corticosteroids.