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Related Concept Videos

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Updated: May 10, 2026

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
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Published on: February 22, 2014

PtdIns(4)P signalling and recognition systems.

Marc Lenoir1, Michael Overduin

  • 1College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) is crucial in the trans-Golgi Network (TGN), regulating protein localization and membrane trafficking. Its precise levels are maintained by kinases and phosphatases, impacting cellular functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Golgi apparatus functions as a cellular sorting station, interacting with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), endosomes (Es), and plasma membrane (PM).
  • The trans-Golgi Network (TGN), the final Golgi compartment, is vital for vesicle transport and retrograde pathways.
  • Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) is a key phosphoinositide enriched in the TGN, with its concentration increasing through Golgi cisternae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role and regulation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) within the trans-Golgi Network (TGN).
  • To understand how PtdIns(4)P gradients influence protein localization and cellular functions at the TGN.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of phosphoinositide composition in Golgi compartments.
  • Investigating the activity of kinases and phosphatases regulating PtdIns(4)P levels.
  • Studying the impact of PtdIns(4)P on protein-protein interactions and membrane trafficking.

Main Results:

  • PtdIns(4)P levels significantly increase along Golgi cisternae, peaking in the TGN.
  • Kinases and phosphatases precisely control PtdIns(4)P concentrations, establishing a dynamic gradient.
  • This gradient is essential for the recruitment and localization of specific proteins interacting with the TGN.

Conclusions:

  • PtdIns(4)P is a critical determinant of TGN function, influencing vesicle formation, lipid metabolism, and membrane trafficking.
  • The precise regulation of PtdIns(4)P levels by enzymatic activities is fundamental for TGN organization and cellular processes.
  • Understanding PtdIns(4)P dynamics in the TGN provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of intracellular transport and sorting.