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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
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pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line
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Published on: January 12, 2024

Specificity factors in cytoplasmic polyadenylation.

Amanda Charlesworth1, Hedda A Meijer, Cornelia H de Moor

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
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Cytoplasmic polyadenylation extends messenger RNA (mRNA) poly(A) tails in the cytoplasm, impacting development and synaptic plasticity. This review details the RNA elements and protein factors involved in this crucial post-transcriptional modification.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cytoplasmic polyadenylation is a post-transcriptional modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) involving the elongation of its poly(A) tail after export to the cytoplasm.
  • Initially identified in oocytes and embryos for roles in meiosis and development, its significance has expanded to include processes like synaptic plasticity and mitosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
  • To emphasize the factors and RNA elements that mediate this process across different mRNAs and animal species.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
  • Detailed discussion of RNA sequence elements (CPE, MBE, TCS, eCPE, C-CPE) in 3' untranslated regions.
  • Analysis of RNA-binding protein families (CPEB, Pumilio, Musashi, etc.) associated with cytoplasmic polyadenylation.

Main Results:

  • Identification and description of key RNA sequence elements involved in cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
  • Elucidation of the roles played by various RNA-binding proteins in mediating the process.
  • Highlighting emerging themes and conserved mechanisms across species.

Conclusions:

  • Cytoplasmic polyadenylation is a vital regulatory mechanism with diverse roles in cellular processes.
  • Understanding the interplay between RNA elements and protein factors is crucial for deciphering mRNA fate and function.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge, using standardized nomenclature for broader accessibility in high-throughput data analysis.